by Maximiliaan van Woudenberg
Happy New Year Everyone! My introductory blog ‘last year’ – actually only a few weeks ago – provided a brief overview of Fantasmagoriana (1812) the text that inspired the famous ghost-storytelling contest at the Villa Diodati. This text was a French translation of the first two volumes of the five-volume German Gespensterbuch (1810–15).
Frontispiece Detail from Gespensterbuch
In turn, the French edition begot an English translation, Tales of the Dead (1813). Each new translation also featured new content as both the order and inclusion of stories changed remarkably. By the time the ghost stories were translated into English, Tales of the Dead contained only three of the original twelve ghost stories in Gespensterbuch.
Given the fragmented sources and variants I think it best to break down our examination of the eight stories in Fantasmagoriana into three categories:
- Provenance Paths and Variants of the Story
- Plot of the Story
- Influence on Shelley’s Frankenstein?
These categories should aid in disentangling the variant editions and allow for a focus on the unique elements of these stories and their possible influence on Mary Shelley.
Provenance Paths and Variants
The first story in Fantasmagoriana is ‘L’Amour muet’. In Tales of the Dead this story closes the volume and is retitled as The Spectre-Barber. The source for Eyriès’s translation was a German story published almost thirty years earlier and is, therefore, not to be found in Apel and Laun’s Gespensterbuch.
The original author of the story was Johann Karl August Musäus (1735–87) who published Stumme Liebe in the fourth volume of his collection of fairy tales, the Volksmärchen der Deutschen [trans. Folktales of the Germans] from 1782–86. The provenance path is
‘Stumme Liebe’ (1782) by Musäus in Volksmärchen der Deutschen →
‘L’Amour muet’ (1812) by Eyriès in Fantasmagoriana →
‘The Spectre-Barber’ (1813) by Utterson in Tales of the Dead
By the time the Byron–Shelley circle read the French translation this story had already been circulating in print for over thirty years.
I’ve not actually viewed a copy of the first printing of Musäus’s story first-hand, but several variant editions are online. The 1909 edition appears to be a reprinting of the eighteenth-century edition. The Projekt Gutenberg-DE version of ‘Stumme Liebe’ reproduces the 25 illustrations from 1842.
Musäus’s original story numbers 142 pages translated by Eyriès into 113 pages. In contrast, at 55 pages, the English edition is significantly shorter. In her advertisement to Tales of the Dead, Utterson notes that ‘The Spectre-Barber’ is ‘considerably curtailed, as it contained much matter relative to the loves of the hero and heroine, which in a compilation of this kind appeared rather misplaced.’
Plot of ‘L’Amour Muet’
So, without giving too much away about the plot of ‘Stumme Liebe’ / ‘L’Amour muet’ / ‘The Spectre-Barber’, what is this story about?
Our protagonist is Francis, who after the death of his father, Melchior, loses the family fortune. His declining finances force him to rent in a remote part of the city, where from his window he observes the beautiful Meta living opposite his abode. Unable to declare his love due to his financial state, their love is a ‘dumb’ [Stumme, German] or silent [muet, French] love. In efforts to improve his situation and marry Meta, Francis travels from Bremen to collect on former debts owed to his father.
In one episode of his travels he is forced to overnight in a haunted castle. Here he encounters a ghost who completely shaves off all his hair: including his eyebrows! Francis then returns the act and shaves the ghost completely bald. This breaks a spell and sets the ‘spectre-barber’ free to eternal rest. The ghost provides Francis with obscure instructions leading him indirectly to the restoration of his father’s financial wealth. He returns to Bremen and marries Meta.
This is the curtailed plot of Utterson’s ‘The Spectre-Barber’.
Influence of ‘L’Amour muet’ on Shelley’s Frankenstein?
The main love-plot of the story at the expense of lengthy ghost-plots may explain why ‘L’AmourmMuet’ is overlooked as a possible influence on Frankenstein. In the movie Gothic, for example, Mary Shelley opens up Fantasmagoriana, and cries out ‘Family Portraits’, inaccurately suggesting this as the first story in the volume.
Mary Shelley describes her ‘waking nightmare’ on 16 June 1816 in her oft-cited recollection from 1831:
The waking terror of spending a night in a haunted room with materialization of a bedside apparition is a common motif in many ghost stories. In ‘The Spectre-Barber’, Francis also undergoes this bedside convention of a ghostly visit:
Clearly, there are some conventional similarities here, but as we will explore in future blogs, this motif occurs in several of the Fantasmagoriana stories. It is the collective atmosphere of the bedside apparition convention that influenced Mary Shelley and Francis’s terror certainly contributes as one of many.
More interestingly is the plot and theme of ‘silent’ love between Francis and Meta. Frankenstein also has a love plot between Victor and Elizabeth. There are some broad plot similarities between Victor and Francis in that they are precluded from expressing their love fully until a quest is successfully fulfilled. Both undergo many journeys with numerous obstacles until it is finally an apparition that plays a decisive role in the outcome of marriage – tragically, as we well know, for Elizabeth in Frankenstein.
The theme of isolation through not being able to express oneself to loved ones is evident throughout Frankenstein and the greatest torment for Victor. Through his success in finding financial and social stability, Francis is able to express his love for Meta and overcome his isolation by marrying her. Shelley reverses this theme. It is Victor’s success in creating Life that forges his isolation as a permanent condition that precludes the declaration and expression of his feelings for his loved ones who have become endangered by his discovery. At the end of the novel, Victor has lost everything, which is the starting position of Francis in ‘L’Amour muet’. This reversal may have been a general theme interwoven in Shelley’s plot of Victor and Elizabeth as tragic lovers.
My next blog will focus on the second Fantasmagoriana story, ‘Family Portraits’. Shelley herself cited this story as an influence on her novel. We will explore to what degree and detail in a few weeks. See you then.
Maximiliaan
[…] the first story read by the Byron-Shelley circle on that stormy night in June 1816, ‘L’Amour muet’, was not as influential and well-known as the second story, ‘Les Portraits de […]
[…] is the first of three very interesting articles by Maximiliaan van Woudenberg on an important source of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein–the collection of ghost stories […]